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A list of all the posts and pages found on the site. For you robots out there is an XML version available for digesting as well.
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Posts
The denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPM) paradigm demystified
Published:
This post is aimed at those who want to understand the mathematical framework of denoising diffusion probabilistic model and its implementation in deep learning.
What about the conditional variational autoencoder?
Published:
In this post I explain the mathematics behind conditional variational autoencoders and the differences with conventional variational autoencoders.
The variational autoencoder paradigm demystified
Published:
This post is aimed at those who want to understand the mathematical framework of variational autoencoders and its implementation in deep learning.
The beauty of contrastive learning: a new step toward efficient unsupervised learning
Published:
The aim of this post is to present the key stages/concepts of contrastive learning.
The transformer paradigm demystified
Published:
Are you interested in understanding the mathematics that underlie the transformer? If so, this post is tailored for you!
publications
CMRSegTools: An open-source software enabling reproducible research in segmentation of acute myocardial infarct in CMR images
Published in Plos one, 2022
This paper introduces CMRSegTools: an open-source application software designed for the segmentation and quantification of myocardial infarct lesion enabling full access to state-of-the-art segmentation methods and parameters, easy integration of new algorithms and standardised results sharing.
Recommended citation: Romero, William (2022). "CMRSegTools: An open-source software enabling reproducible research in segmentation of acute myocardial infarct in CMR images." Plos one. 17(9). https://hal.science/hal-04215855
A Pipeline for the Generation of Synthetic Cardiac Color Doppler
Published in IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2022
We present a numerical framework for generating clinical-like Color Doppler imaging. Synthetic blood vector fields were obtained from a patient-specific computational fluid dynamics CFD model.
Recommended citation: Sun, Yunyun (2022). "A Pipeline for the Generation of Synthetic Cardiac Color Doppler." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control. 69(3). https://cnrs.hal.science/hal-03538666
Deep Learning vs manual techniques for assessing left ventricular ejection fraction in 2D echocardiography: validation against CMR
Published in medRxiv, 2022
We evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of 2D echocardiography left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction estimates by Deep Learning versus manual contouring and against CMR.
Recommended citation: Saloux, Eric (2022). "Deep Learning vs manual techniques for assessing left ventricular ejection fraction in 2D echocardiography: validation against CMR." medRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.22278059v1
Motion Estimation by Deep Learning in 2D Echocardiography: Synthetic Dataset and Validation
Published in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2022
We propose a novel deep learning solution for motion estimation in echocardiography. In parallel, we designed a novel simulation pipeline allowing the generation of a large amount of realistic B-mode sequences.
Recommended citation: Evain, Ewan (2022). "Motion Estimation by Deep Learning in 2D Echocardiography: Synthetic Dataset and Validation." IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 41(8). https://hal.science/hal-03603014
CRISP - Reliable Uncertainty Estimation for Medical Image Segmentation
Published in Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention -- MICCAI, 2022
We propose a method called CRISP for uncertainty prediction of image segmentation. CRISP implements a contrastive method to learn a joint latent space which encodes a distribution of valid segmentations and their corresponding images.
Recommended citation: Judge, Thierry (2022). "CRISP - Reliable Uncertainty Estimation for Medical Image Segmentation." Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention -- MICCAI. https://hal.science/hal-04215854
Echocardiography Segmentation With Enforced Temporal Consistency
Published in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2022
We propose a framework to learn the 2D+time apical long-axis cardiac shape such that the segmented sequences can benefit from temporal and anatomical consistency constraints.
Recommended citation: Painchaud, Nathan (2022). "Echocardiography Segmentation With Enforced Temporal Consistency." IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 41(10). https://hal.science/hal-03672999
Phase unwrapping of color Doppler echocardiography using deep learning
Published in IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2023
We developed an unfolded primal-dual network to unwrap (dealias) color Doppler echocardiographic images and compared its effectiveness against two state-of-the-art segmentation approaches based on nnU-Net and transformer models.
Recommended citation: Ling, Hang Jung (2023). "Phase unwrapping of color Doppler echocardiography using deep learning." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control. 70(8). https://hal.science/hal-04142824v2
Ultrafast Cardiac Imaging Using Deep Learning For Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography
Published in IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2023
We developped a complex-weighted convolutional neural network (CNN) for ultrasound images. We showed that our method allows reconstructing high-quality static images while maintaining the capability of tracking cardiac motion
Recommended citation: Lu, Jingfeng (2023). "Ultrafast Cardiac Imaging Using Deep Learning For Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control. https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.14265
Asymmetric Contour Uncertainty Estimation for Medical Image Segmentation
Published in Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention -- MICCAI, 2023
We propose explicitly modeling location uncertainty by redefining the segmentation task as contour regression, providing improved performance and interpretability.
Recommended citation: Judge, Thierry (2023). "Asymmetric Contour Uncertainty Estimation for Medical Image Segmentation." Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention -- MICCAI. https://hal.science/hal-04243975v1
Physics-Guided Neural Networks for Intraventricular Vector Flow Mapping
Published in IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2024
We propose novel alternatives to the traditional intraventricular vector flow mapping (iVFM) optimization scheme by utilizing physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) and a physics-guided nnU-Net-based supervised approach.
Recommended citation: Ling, Hang Jung (2024). "Physics-Guided Neural Networks for Intraventricular Vector Flow Mapping." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control. https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13040
Domain Adaptation of Echocardiography Segmentation Via Reinforcement Learning
Published in Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention -- MICCAI, 2024
We present an innovative reinforcement learning framework for optimal domain adaptation in medical imaging segmentation. This framework reduces the need to otherwise incorporate large expertly annotated datasets in the target domain, and eliminates the need for lengthy manual human review.
Recommended citation: Judge, Arnaud (2024). "Domain Adaptation of Echocardiography Segmentation Via Reinforcement Learning." Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention -- MICCAI. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.17902
research
Heterogeneous data fusion for continuous patient stratification
We developed a transformer-based approach to efficiently merge information extracted from echocardiographic image sequences and data from electronic health records to learn the continuous representation of patients with hypertension.
Physics-informed deep learning for blood flow quantification
We developed a physics-informed deep learning method to estimate vector flow mapping from color Doppler imaging. This strategy has the potential to facilitate the analysis of the blood flow during clinical exams.
Reliable uncertainty estimation for medical image segmentation
We have developed a generic method for estimating aleatoric uncertainty based on contrastive modeling.
Domain adaptation for the quantification of clinical indices
We are exploring domain adaptation strategies using reinforcement learning to enhance the generalizability of our segmentation models on echocardiographic images
Realistic simulations of echocardiographic sequences
We have developed a simulation pipeline to generate realistic synthetic echocardiographic sequences. This pipeline is currently being used to generate a large-scale cohort of virtual patients to feed deep learning methods.
Representation learning for gold standard segmentation generation
We have developed a strategy based on learning the representation of plausible cardiac shapes to efficiently generate gold standard annotations. This pipeline has been successfully applied to two other tasks: the simulation of realistic echocardiographic sequences and the generalization of segmentation tools.
talks
Generative models - variational auto-encoder
Published:
In this presentation, I taught the formalism of the variational auto-encoder and emphasized the importance of creating specialized latent spaces using various examples. I then described the auto-encoder formalism and highlighted the additional advantages of the variational approach. I concluded by showing how we have exploited this formalism in order to i) provide guarantees on the segmented anatomical structures; ii) provide guarantees on the temporal consistency of the segmented shapes; iii) model the uncertainty of the segmentation algorithm.
Segmentation in echocardiography: is the problem finally solved ?
Published:
Deep learning methods have allowed major advances in many specific areas such as echocardiogram analysis, view classification, recognition and segmentation of anatomical structures, user guidance or even automatic report generation. Moreover, the combination of these different techniques allows the deployment of complete and fully automated processing chains, making it possible to increase the reliability of clinical measurements and facilitate the use of ultrasound scanners outside of hospitals. In this talk, I described the various advances we have made using the deep learning paradigm for echocardigraphy image segmentation.
Physical simulations for deep learning: applications to image formation and motion estimation
Published:
In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have shown remarkable success in the field of medical imaging. While supervised learning approaches currently stand as the most effective methods, they rely heavily on ground truth data usually obtained from manual annotations, which often poses challenges across diverse applications. In this presentation, I introduced a comprehensive pipeline aimed at generating realistic simulations of echocardiographic image sequences to be used as inputs for supervised learning algorithms. I showcased their application in two different areas: tissue motion estimation in traditional imaging and ultra-fast cardiac image reconstruction.
On the integration of robust AI-based image information for continuous patient stratification
Published:
AI paradigm now enables automatic and robust extraction of cardiac function descriptors from echocardiographic sequences, such as ejection fraction or strain. These descriptors provide fine-grained information that physicians consider, in conjunction with more global variables from the clinical record, to assess patients’ condition. In this presentation, I introduced a recently developed transformer-based framework that takes into account all descriptors extracted from medical records and echocardiograms. The framework aims to learn the representation of a challenging cardiovascular pathology, specifically hypertension. I showed that for descriptors whose interactions with hypertension are well documented, patterns are consistent with prior physiological knowledge, paving the way for further clinical studies to better understand this disease.
Most applied and promising AI methods in cardiac imaging
Published:
AI tools have demonstrated their efficiency in numerous cardiac applications for several years now. In this presentation, I describe (in french) four examples of applications where AI has revolutionized the status quo and enabled significant advancements towards precise, robust, and reproducible automation of routine clinical measurements, i.e. standardized acquisitions, extraction of anatomical indices, extraction of functional indices and uncertainty modeling
Is the problem of medical image segmentation a thing of the past ?
Published:
For several years now, deep learning (DL) techniques have been successfully applied to the segmentation of medical imaging. Several pilot studies initially showed the superiority of DL over conventional methods using databases of around one hundred patients. However, these initial results have raised other issues. Firstly, the generalization of DL methods to larger databases with high variability in shapes, vendors, image quality, and pathologies poses a challenge. Secondly, there is difficulty in producing reliable expert annotations on large databases. These challenges cast doubt on the ability of DL methods to provide a definitive solution to the segmentation problem in medical imaging. However, recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) research have revolutionized computer vision and image processing. This has led to the development of new powerful and more generic tools such as foundation models and reinforcement learning methods. Will the application of these tools in our field lead to the definitive resolution of segmentation in medical imaging in the near future? This is the burning question that I will address in my presentation.
teaching
Signal modeling
Course, INSA, university of Lyon, electrical department, 2023
French course on signal modeling. The following aspects are covered: basic signals / elementary operations, linear time-invariant systems, Fourier transform.
Sampling and quantization
Course, INSA, university of Lyon, electrical department, 2023
French course on signal sampling and quantization. The following aspects are covered: modeling of the sampling and quantization operations, energy assessment of the acquisition chain.
Neural networks
Course, INSA, university of Lyon, electrical department, 2023
French course on neural network. The following aspects are covered: modeling of a perceptron, modeling of a neural network, activation functions, backpropagation principle, loss function, gradient descent needs.
Optimization of neural networks
Course, INSA, university of Lyon, electrical department, 2023
French course on the optimization steps involved in neural networks. The following aspects are covered: mini-batch gradient descent, momentum/RMSprop/ADAM scheme, batch normalization, dropout, training/validation/test scheme.
Convolutional neural networks
Course, INSA, university of Lyon, electrical department, 2023
French course on convolutional neural network. The following aspects are covered: convolutional layer, feature maps, receptive field, classification, segmentation.
Variational Auto-encoders
Course, INSA, university of Lyon, electrical department, 2023
French course on variational auto-encoder networks. The following aspects are covered: fundamental concepts, Kullback-Liebler divergence, variational inference, VAE architectures. The complete derivation of the VAE equations can be found in this post
Transformers
Course, INSA, university of Lyon, electrical department, 2023
French course on transformers. The following aspects are covered: tokenisation, positional embeding, encoding blocs, self-attention module, multi-head attention, vision transformer. A complementary description of the transformer paradigm can be found in this post